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The 3Rs in Animal Research

At the ÁÔÆæÖØ¿Ú, the IACUC is committed to promoting the ethical and responsible use of animals in research. The 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—are fundamental principles, originally described by Russell and Burch in 1959, that guide the humane and ethical use of animals while ensuring high-quality, impactful research. 

To find out how we are supporting the 3Rs navigate to the Laboratory Animal Resources website. 

What Are the 3Rs?

Replacement

Replacement involves using non-animal alternatives or animals with lower sentience whenever possible. This approach reduces the use of live animals and promotes innovative methods to achieve research goals. 

Examples:

• Using computer models or in vitro techniques instead of live animals.
• Employing invertebrates, such as fruit flies or nematodes, instead of mammals.

Reduction

Reduction means using the fewest number of animals necessary to achieve scientifically valid results. It ensures research remains robust and reproducible without using more animals than needed. 

Examples: 

• Using statistical methods to design experiments that require fewer animals. 
• Sharing data across studies to avoid redundant animal use. 
• Employing imaging technologies that allow repeated observations on the same animal. 

Refinement

Refinement involves modifying procedures to reduce pain, distress, or suffering and improve animal welfare. It enhances the well-being of research animals while supporting accurate, reliable results. 

Examples: 

• Using refined handling techniques for research involving rodents. 
• Using analgesics and anesthetics to manage pain. 
• Training animals to voluntarily participate in procedures to reduce stress. 
• Improving housing conditions with enrichment (e.g., nesting materials, toys).

Why Are the 3Rs Important?

The 3Rs are central to the ethical framework for animal research. They: 

• Support Ethical Research  
• Meet Regulatory Standards  
• Enhance Research Quality  
• Build Public Trust 

Help with Implementing the 3Rs in Your Research

If you have questions about the 3Rs or need guidance on how to implement them in your research, please contact the IACUC Office.